Cleidocranial dysplasia: etiology and stomatognathic and craniofacial abnormalities.

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare disorder which is inherited as an autosomal genetic trait. It is characterized by defective ossification, delayed bone and tooth development, stomatognathic and craniofacial abnormalities, and it is caused by mutations in the RUNX2 gene that is responsible for osteoblast differentiation. The purpose of this review is to collect and analyze data in the literature on orofacial typical manifestations of the syndrome and to present knowledge of the eziopatogenics mechanisms of the CCD. Clinical, genetic, aetiopathogenetic studies on this syndrome were compliled through a systematic approach using Medline. This review reports the cranio-facial features and dental characteristics of the CCD on the basis of all data in the literature. This review pays particular attention on the eziopatogenics mechanisms of CCD and summarises the results of the most recent studies. Access to detailed review of the etiopathogenic mechanisms of CCD is a fundamental support for clinicians as it can allow to make an informed assessment regarding the most effective choice of therapy. The review shows how an interdisciplinary approach is necessary for an appropriate treatment since CCD patients suffer from a skeletal third class, transverse deficiency of the maxilla, supernumerary permanent teeth and deficient eruption of impacted permanent teeth.

Relación de disfunciones y hábitos parafuncionales orales con trastornos temporomandibulares en niños y adolescentes / Relationship between dysfunctions and parafunctional oral habits, and temporomandibular disorders in children and teenagers

Los hábitos parafuncionales y las disfunciones miofuncionales orales son frecuentes en niños, considerándose factores contribuyentes para trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM). El objetivo de este estudio es describir la frecuenciade hábitos parafuncionales y disfunciones miofuncionales orales, y valorar su asociación con signos y síntomas de trastornos temporomandibulares en pacientes que concurren al Área de TTM de la Cátedra de Odontología Integral Niños de la Facultad de Odontología. Metodología. Los datos de las historias clínicas del período 2003-2007 se ingresaron a planillas para el registro de edad, sexo, motivo de consulta, compromiso emocional, signos, síntomas, diagnóstico, disfunciones y parafunciones, para su análisis estadístico. Resultados. La muestra quedó constituida por 133 pacientes de 12 años ± 3 años. El 96% presentabandisfunciones o parafunciones. Respectoa las disfunciones, presentes en el 78% del total de la muestra, 48% correspondieron a deglución disfuncional, 45% a respiración bucal omixta y 29% a masticación unilateral o anterior. En relación a las parafunciones, el bruxismo se presentó en 74% de los pacientes y el resto delas parafunciones en 81% (hábito de mascar chicle, onicofagia, mordisqueo, jugueteo mandibular y succión). Se encontró asociación entre síntomas de TTM y disfunciones y parafuncionestotales (p <0,05). Por análisis multifactorial se encontró que la disfunción masticatoria está significativamente asociada con el ruido articular (p= 0,023) y con el bruxismo como motivo de consulta (p= 0,018).Conclusiones. Se observó una alta prevalencia de disfunciones y parafunciones que se asociaron en forma significativa con síntomas de trastornos temporomandibulares.

The aim of this work was to describe the frequency of oral parafunctional habits and orofacial myofunctional dysfunctions and to evaluate the association between them and signs and symptoms of TMD in patients attending to the TMD section of the Pediatric Dentistry Department of the University of Buenos Aires. Methods. Data obtained from dental records performed during 2003-2007 were entered into a database registering age, gender, reason for consultation, psychological stress, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, dysfunctions and parafunctions, forstatistical analysis. Results. The sample was constituted by 133 patients (average age: 12 ± 3 years old). Ninety six percent of patients showed dysfunctions and/or parafunctions. Regarding to dysfunctions they were present in 78% of the sample; 48% haddysfunctional swallowing; 45% oral and mixed breathing, and 29% chewing food on one preferred side. With regard to parafunctions, bruxism was present in 74% of cases, gum chewing habit in 55%, nail biting in 48%, biting in 28%,jaw play in 22%, and sucking in 14%. TMD symptoms were associated with total dysfunctions and parafunctions (p <0.05). Using multivariate analysis, results showed a significant correlationbetween masticatory dysfunction and clicking joint noise (p= 0.023) and bruxism as reason for consultation (p= 0.018). Conclusions. Dysfunctions and parafunctions showed in this study a high prevalence and were significantly associated with TMD symptoms.

Relación de disfunciones y hábitos parafuncionales orales con trastornos temporomandibulares en niños y adolescentes / Relationship between dysfunctions and parafunctional oral habits, and temporomandibular disorders in children and teenagers

Los hábitos parafuncionales y las disfunciones miofuncionales orales son frecuentes en niños, considerándose factores contribuyentes para trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM). El objetivo de este estudio es describir la frecuenciade hábitos parafuncionales y disfunciones miofuncionales orales, y valorar su asociación con signos y síntomas de trastornos temporomandibulares en pacientes que concurren al Area de TTM de la Cátedra de Odontología Integral Niños de la Facultad de Odontología. Metodología. Los datos de las historias clínicas del período 2003-2007 se ingresaron a planillas para el registro de edad, sexo, motivo de consulta, compromiso emocional, signos, síntomas, diagnóstico, disfunciones y parafunciones, para su análisis estadístico. Resultados. La muestra quedó constituida por 133 pacientes de 12 años ± 3 años. El 96% presentabandisfunciones o parafunciones. Respectoa las disfunciones, presentes en el 78% del total de la muestra, 48% correspondieron a deglución disfuncional, 45% a respiración bucal omixta y 29% a masticación unilateral o anterior. En relación a las parafunciones, el bruxismo se presentó en 74% de los pacientes y el resto delas parafunciones en 81% (hábito de mascar chicle, onicofagia, mordisqueo, jugueteo mandibular y succión). Se encontró asociación entre síntomas de TTM y disfunciones y parafuncionestotales (p <0,05). Por análisis multifactorial se encontró que la disfunción masticatoria está significativamente asociada con el ruido articular (p= 0,023) y con el bruxismo como motivo de consulta (p= 0,018).Conclusiones. Se observó una alta prevalencia de disfunciones y parafunciones que se asociaron en forma significativa con síntomas de trastornos temporomandibulares.(AU)

The aim of this work was to describe the frequency of oral parafunctional habits and orofacial myofunctional dysfunctions and to evaluate the association between them and signs and symptoms of TMD in patients attending to the TMD section of the Pediatric Dentistry Department of the University of Buenos Aires. Methods. Data obtained from dental records performed during 2003-2007 were entered into a database registering age, gender, reason for consultation, psychological stress, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, dysfunctions and parafunctions, forstatistical analysis. Results. The sample was constituted by 133 patients (average age: 12 ± 3 years old). Ninety six percent of patients showed dysfunctions and/or parafunctions. Regarding to dysfunctions they were present in 78% of the sample; 48% haddysfunctional swallowing; 45% oral and mixed breathing, and 29% chewing food on one preferred side. With regard to parafunctions, bruxism was present in 74% of cases, gum chewing habit in 55%, nail biting in 48%, biting in 28%,jaw play in 22%, and sucking in 14%. TMD symptoms were associated with total dysfunctions and parafunctions (p <0.05). Using multivariate analysis, results showed a significant correlationbetween masticatory dysfunction and clicking joint noise (p= 0.023) and bruxism as reason for consultation (p= 0.018). Conclusions. Dysfunctions and parafunctions showed in this study a high prevalence and were significantly associated with TMD symptoms.(AU)

Dental and minor physical anomalies in children with developmental disorders--a discriminant analysis.

A discriminant analysis was performed in a sample of 303 children with developmental disorders (DD) and 303 healthy controls (C) in order to test whether some oro-dental and physical minor anomalies could discriminate these groups of children. DD sample comprised 176 mentally retarded (MR) children. 70 children with impaired hearing (IH) and 57 children with impaired vision (IV). The control group included 303 healthy subjects, matched for sex and age. The analysis comprised seven common oral and dental anomalies: median diastema, hypodontia, impacted teeth, microdontia, dens invaginatus, upper lip frenulum and frenulum of the tongue. Minor physical anomalies were assessed by the method proposed by Waldrop et al., as the average number of minor anomalies per individual (W1) and as the weighted score of minor anomalies (W2). Three discriminant functions were obtained by analysis of nine initial variables. Distinct discrimination and considerable distances were found between the centroids of the controls and all groups of DD children. The first two discriminant functions were significant for discrimination between the groups and they explained 98.6% of the total variance. The first function contained 90.2% of information and was defined by the number and weighted scores of minor anomalies. The second variable explained 8.4% of the total variability and was defined by three dental anomalies. The results obtained by the discriminant analysis show that application of dental and minor physical anomalies enables discrimination between the group of healthy children and the groups of children with different developmental disorders.

Surgical strategies in the treatment of complex obstructive sleep apnoea in children.

Complex OSA in children is a challenging problem that requires careful team management. Evaluation includes history, physical examination and appropriate radiological and endoscopic studies. Twelve-channel polysomnography, with or without a pH probe, is mandatory in children with OSA to determine the severity and to document the efficacy of treatment. A variety of individual problems and nuances arise and will continue to do so. Clinical experience and a high degree of suspicion in the craniofacial population is necessary to rule out the existence of OSA in a given patient. Newer treatment modalities, such as distraction osteogenesis of the mandible and midface, have revolutionised treatment of OSA during childhood. Although still the gold standard of care, tracheostomy is not a benign procedure and the toll on both the patient and family can be devastating.

Paralelas funcionais e ângula crânio-escapular: novos métodos de diagnóstico para disfunçäo do sistema estomagnático / Functional parallels and skul-escapulae angle: new diagnostic's methods of estomatognatic system's disfunction

Apresentaçäo de novos métodos de diagnóstico para disfunçäo do Sistema Mastigatório e sua importância nas áreas de saúde